91.080.40 (Concrete structures) 标准查询与下载

ASTM C1262-07 成品混凝土砌块和相关混凝土砌块的冻融耐久性评估用标准试验方法

The procedure described in this test method is intended to determine the effects of freezing and thawing on concrete units in the presence of water or saline solution. The procedure is not intended to provide a quantitative measure to determine an expected length of service for a specific type of concrete unit. Note 28212;The testing laboratory performing this test method should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C 1093. Note 38212;Compressive strength and absorption tests should be performed on different but representative specimens. While compressive strength and absorption values by themselves have been shown by research to not be reliable indicators of durability, they have been shown to be good reference values for units manufactured from a given set of materials.1.1 This test method covers the resistance to freezing and thawing manufactured concrete masonry and related concrete units. Units are tested in a test solution that is either water or 3 % saline solution depending on the intended use of the units in actual service. Note 1 - Concrete masonry and related concrete units include units such as hollow and solid concrete masonry units, concrete brick, segmental retaining wall units, concrete pavers, and concrete roof pavers.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Manufactured Concrete Masonry Units and Related Concrete Units

ASTM E1966-07 耐火连接系统的标准试验方法

This test method evaluates, under the specified test conditions: (1) the ability of a fire resistive joint system to undergo movement without reducing the fire rating of the adjacent fire separating elements and (2) the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire and retain their integrity during a predetermined test exposure. This test method provides for the following measurements and evaluations where applicable: 5.2.1 Capability of the joint system to movement cycle. 5.2.2 Loadbearing capacity of the joint system. 5.2.3 Ability of the joint system to prohibit the passage of flames and hot gases. 5.2.4 Transmission of heat through the joint system. 5.2.5 Ability of the joint system, that is an extension of a wall, to resist the passage of water during a hose stream test. This test method does not provide the following: 5.3.1 Evaluation of the degree by which the joint system contributes to the fire hazard by generation of smoke, toxic gases, or other products of combustion. 5.3.2 Measurement of the degree of control or limitation of the passage of smoke or products of combustion through the joint system. 5.3.3 Measurement of flame spread over the surface of the joint system. Note 18212;The information in 5.3.1-5.3.3 may be determined by other suitable fire test methods. For example, 5.3.3 may be determined by Test Method E 84. 5.3.4 Evaluation of joints formed by the rated or non-rated exterior walls and the floors of the building. In this procedure, the test specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. When different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by, or from, this test method to predict changes to the characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the exposure conditions described in this test method.1.1 This fire-test-response test method measures the performance of joint systems designed to be used with fire rated floors and walls during a fire endurance test exposure. The fire endurance test end point is the period of time elapsing before the first performance criteria is reached when the joint system is subjected to one of two time-temperature fire exposures. 1.2 The fire exposure conditions used are either those specified by Test Method E 119 for testing assemblies to standard time-temperature exposures or Test Method E 1529 for testing assemblies to rapid-temperature rise fires.1.3 This test method specifies the heating conditions, methods of test, and criteria for the evaluation of the ability of a joint system to maintain the fire resistance where hourly rated fire-separating elements meet.1.4 Test results establish the performance of joint systems during the fire-exposure period and shall not be construed as having determined the joint systems suitability for use after that exposure.1.5 This test method does not provide quantitative information about the joint system relative to the rate of leakage of smoke or gases or both. However, it requires that such phenomena be noted and reported when describing the general behavior of joint systems during the fire endurance test but is not part of the conditions of compliance.1.6 Potentially important factors and fire characteristics not addressed by this test method include, but are not limited to:1.6.1 The performance of the fire-resistive joint system constructed with components other than those tested.1.6.2 The cyclic movement capabilities of joint systems other than the cycling conditi......

Standard Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint Systems

ASTM E1966-07(2011) 耐火连接系统的标准试验方法

This test method evaluates, under the specified test conditions: (1) the ability of a fire resistive joint system to undergo movement without reducing the fire rating of the adjacent fire separating elements and (2) the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire and retain their integrity during a predetermined test exposure. This test method provides for the following measurements and evaluations where applicable: Capability of the joint system to movement cycle. Loadbearing capacity of the joint system. Ability of the joint system to prohibit the passage of flames and hot gases. Transmission of heat through the joint system. Ability of the joint system, that is an extension of a wall, to resist the passage of water during a hose stream test. This test method does not provide the following: Evaluation of the degree by which the joint system contributes to the fire hazard by generation of smoke, toxic gases, or other products of combustion. Measurement of the degree of control or limitation of the passage of smoke or products of combustion through the joint system. Measurement of flame spread over the surface of the joint system. Note 18212;The information in 5.3.1-5.3.3 may be determined by other suitable fire test methods. For example, 5.3.3 may be determined by Test Method E84. Evaluation of joints formed by the rated or non-rated exterior walls and the floors of the building. In this procedure, the test specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. When different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by, or from, this test method to predict changes to the characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the exposure conditions described in this test method.1.1 This fire-test-response test method measures the performance of joint systems designed to be used with fire rated floors and walls during a fire endurance test exposure. The fire endurance test end point is the period of time elapsing before the first performance criteria is reached when the joint system is subjected to one of two time-temperature fire exposures. 1.2 The fire exposure conditions used are either those specified by Test Method E119 for testing assemblies to standard time-temperature exposures or Test Method E1529 for testing assemblies to rapid-temperature rise fires. 1.3 This test method specifies the heating conditions, methods of test, and criteria for the evaluation of the ability of a joint system to maintain the fire resistance where hourly rated fire-separating elements meet. 1.4 Test results establish the performance of joint systems during the fire-exposure period and shall not be construed as having determined the joint systems suitability for use after that exposure. 1.5 This test method does not provide quantitative information about the joint system relative to the rate of leakage of smoke or gases or both. However, it requires that such phenomena be noted and reported when describing the general behavior of joint systems during the fire endurance test but is not part of the conditions of compliance. 1.6 Potentially important factors and fire characteristics not addressed by this test method include, but are not limited to: 1.6.1 The performance of the fire-resistive joint system constructed with components other than those tested.

Standard Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint Systems

ASTM G109-07(2013) 测定混凝土暴露于氯化物环境时化学混合物对埋置钢筋腐蚀作用的标准试验方法

3.1 This test method provides a reliable means for predicting the inhibiting or corrosive properties of admixtures to be used in concrete. 3.2 This test method is useful for development studies of corrosion inhibitors to be used in concrete. 3.3 This test method has been used elsewhere with good agreement between corrosion as measured by this test method and corrosion damage on the embedded steel (1-4).5 This test method might not properly rank the performance of different corrosion inhibitors, especially at concrete covers over the steel less than 40 mm (1.5 in.) or water-to-cement ratios above 0.45. The concrete mixture proportions and cover over the steel are chosen to accelerate chloride ingress. Some inhibitors might have an effect on this process, which could lead to results that would differ from what would be expected in actual use (5). 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion of metals in concrete. This test method can be used to evaluate materials intended to inhibit chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete. It can also be used to evaluate the corrosivity of admixtures in a chloride environment. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments

ASTM C1602/C1602M-06 水硬水泥混凝土制作用混合水标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the compositional and performance requirements for water used as mixing water in hydraulic cement concrete. It defines sources of water and provides requirements and testing frequencies for qualifying individual or combined water sources. In any case where the requirements of the purchaser differ from these in this specification, the purchasers specification shall govern.1.2 This specification does not purport to cover methods of storage, transportation, or blending of water, or to address the development and maintenance of quality control programs sponsored or managed by the manufacturer.1.3 The values stated in either SI units, shown in brackets, or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete

ASTM C1645-06 铺路用实心混凝土内嵌单元的防水盐耐久性和解冻的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the resistance to freezing and thawing of solid interlocking concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C 936. Units are tested in a test solution that is either water or 3 % saline solution, depending on the intended use of the units in actual service.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, in any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the use of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitation prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units

ASTM C1262-05 制造混凝土砌块和相关混凝土构件的冷融耐久性评价的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the resistance to freezing and thawing manufactured concrete masonry and related concrete units. Units are tested either in water or in a saline solution depending on the intended use of the units in actual service. Note 18212;Concrete masonry and related concrete units include units such as hollow and solid concrete masonry units, concrete brick, segmental retaining wall units, concrete pavers, and concrete roof pavers.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Manufactured Concrete Masonry Units and Related Concrete Units

ASTM C1603-05 水中固体物含量测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the solids content in water for use as mixing water in ready-mixed concrete and the measurement of its density. Solids content is expressed in terms of parts per million (ppm) or in terms of percent by mass of the water sample.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; inch-pound units are shown in parenthesis for information only.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Solids in Water

ASTM C1603-05a 水中固体颗粒测量的标准试验方法

This test method is used to determine the solids content of mixing water used to produce concrete when one or more of the water sources is wash water from concrete production operations or water that contains solids when batched as mixing water in concrete. The test method provides a means to determine the relationship between the density and solids content of water for compliance with solids content limits of mixing water such as in Specification C 1602/C 1602M. During production of concrete, the water property measured is its density, which can then be used to estimate the solids content from procedures described in this test method. To develop a correlation between the density and solids content of water, water samples should be tested that cover the range of solids concentrations anticipated during production.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the solids content in water for use as mixing water in ready-mixed concrete and the measurement of its density. Solids content is expressed in terms of parts per million (ppm) or in terms of percent by mass of the water sample.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; inch-pound units are shown in parenthesis for information only.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Solids in Water

ASTM C1262-05a 制造混凝土砌块和相关混凝土构件的冷融耐久性评价的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the resistance to freezing and thawing manufactured concrete masonry and related concrete units. Units are tested in a test solution that is either water or 3 % saline solution depending on the intended use of the units in actual service. Note 138212;Concrete masonry and related concrete units include units such as hollow and solid concrete masonry units, concrete brick, segmental retaining wall units, concrete pavers, and concrete roof pavers.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Manufactured Concrete Masonry Units and Related Concrete Units

ASTM C1138M-05 混凝土耐磨性的标准试验方法(水下法)

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the relative resistance of concrete (including concrete overlays and impregnated concrete) to abrasion under water (see Note 0). This procedure simulates the abrasive action of waterborne particles (silt, sand, gravel, and other solids). Note 0Other procedures are available for measuring abrasion resistance of concrete surfaces not under water. These include Test Methods C 418, C 779, and C 944.1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning-Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete (Underwater Method)

ASTM D4262-05 化学清洗或侵蚀混凝土表面pH值的标准试验方法

Chemical cleaning and etching is used to prepare concrete for coating. Residual chemicals not removed by water rinsing may adversely affect the performance and adhesion of coatings applied over prepared concrete surfaces. It is the intent of this test method to determine that residual chemicals have been removed by measuring the acidity or alkalinity of the final rinsed surface.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the acidity or alkalinity of concrete surfaces prepared by chemical cleaning or etching prior to coatings. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for pH of Chemically Cleaned or Etched Concrete Surfaces

ASTM D4261-05 混凝土预制件涂覆前表面清洁处理的标准实施规范

Surface cleaning is to be used to prepare concrete unit masonry surfaces for applying coatings intended for light duty service, splash and spillage of water and chemical solutions, radiation exposure, decontamination, and repeated washdowns with alkaline cleaners.1.1 This practice covers surface cleaning of concrete unit masonry to remove dust, dirt, mortar spatter, oil, and grease prior to the application of coatings. Procedures include vacuum cleaning, air-blast cleaning, water cleaning, detergent water wash, steam cleaning, and mechanical cleaning. 1.2 This practice is not intended to alter the surface profile of the concrete masonry units but to clean the surface. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.

Standard Practice for Surface Cleaning Concrete Masonry Units for Coating

ASTM D4260-05 混凝土液态和加胶酸浸蚀的标准实施规程

This practice is used to prepare concrete for coatings where optimum bond is desired for service conditions such as continuous or intermittent immersion, temperature cycling, or mechanical loading.1.1 This practice covers surface preparation of concrete to prepare the surface prior to the application of coatings.1.2 This practice is intended to alter the surface profile of the concrete and to remove foreign materials and weak surface laitance.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.

Standard Practice for Liquid and Gelled Acid Etching of Concrete

ASTM D4258-05 覆层用表面清洁混凝土的标准规程

Surface cleaning is used to prepare concrete surfaces for applying coatings intended for light-duty service. Use of this practice alone is not intended where protective systems will be used for continuous or intermittent immersion, mechanical loading, or for protective systems needing optimum bond for satisfactory performance (see Practices D 4259 and D 4260).1.1 This practice includes surface cleaning of concrete to remove grease, dirt, and loose material prior to the application of coatings. Procedures include broom cleaning, vacuum cleaning, air blast cleaning, water cleaning, detergent water cleaning, and steam cleaning. 1.2 This practice is not intended to alter the surface profile of the concrete but to clean the surface. 1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 5.

Standard Practice for Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating

ASTM A1044/A1044M-05 混凝土抗剪钢筋用钢螺柱组件的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers steel stud assemblies for shear reinforcement of concrete. Stud assemblies consist of either single-headed studs attached to a steel base rail by welding, or double-headed studs mechanically crimped into a steel shape.Note 138212;The configuration of the studs for stud assemblies is much different than the configuration of the headed-type studs prescribed in Section 7, Figure 7.1 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M. Ratios of the cross-sectional areas of the head-to-shank of the AWS D1.1/D1.1M studs range from about 2.5 to 4. In contrast, this specification requires the area of the head of the studs for stud assemblies to be at least 10 times the area of the shank. Thus, the standard headed-type studs in Section 7, Figure 7.1 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M do not conform to the requirements of this specification for use as stud assemblies for shear reinforcement.1.2 This specification is applicable for orders in either inch-pound units or in SI units.1.3 The values stated either in inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.

Standard Specification for Steel Stud Assemblies for Shear Reinforcement of Concrete

ASTM C1602/C1602M-05 水硬性水泥混凝土生产用搅拌水的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the compositional and performance requirements for water used as mixing water in hydraulic cement concrete. It defines sources of water and provides requirements and testing frequencies for qualifying individual or combined water sources. In any case where the requirements of the purchaser differ from these in this specification, the purchasers specification shall govern.1.2 This specification does not purport to cover methods of storage, transportation, or blending of water, or to address the development and maintenance of quality control programs sponsored or managed by the manufacturer.1.3 The values stated in either SI units, shown in brackets, or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete

ASTM D6087-05 使用地面穿透雷达评价沥青覆盖混凝土船桥甲板的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers several radar evaluation procedures that can be used to evaluate the condition of concrete bridge decks overlaid with asphaltic concrete wearing surfaces. Specifically, this test method predicts the presence or absence of concrete or rebar deterioration at or above the level of the top layer of reinforcing bar.1.2 Deterioration in concrete bridge decks is manifested by the corrosion of embedded reinforcement or the decomposition of concrete, or both. The most serious form of deterioration is that which is caused by corrosion of embedded reinforcement. Corrosion is initiated by deicing salts, used for snow and ice control in the winter months, penetrating the concrete. In arid climates, the corrosion can be initiated by chloride ions contained in the mix ingredients.1.2.1 As the reinforcing steel corrodes, it expands and creates a crack or subsurface fracture plane in the concrete at or just above the level of the reinforcement. The fracture plane, or delamination, may be localized or may extend over a substantial area, especially if the concrete cover to the reinforcement is small. It is not uncommon for more than one delamination to occur on different planes between the concrete surface and the reinforcing steel. Delaminations are not visible on the concrete surface. However, if repairs are not made, the delaminations progress to open spalls and, with continued corrosion, eventually affect the structural integrity of the deck.1.2.2 The portion of concrete contaminated with excessive chlorides is generally structurally deficient compared with non-contaminated concrete. Additionally, the chloride-contaminated concrete provides a pathway for the chloride ions to initiate corrosion of the reinforcing steel. It is therefore of particular interest in bridge deck condition investigations to locate not only the areas of active reinforcement corrosion, but also areas of chloride-contaminated and otherwise deteriorated concrete.1.3 This test method may not be suitable for evaluating bridges with delaminations that are localized over the diameter of the reinforcement, or for those bridges that have cathodic protection (coke breeze as cathode) installed on the bridge or for which a conductive aggregate has been used in the asphalt (that is, blast furnace slag). This is because metals are perfect reflectors of electromagnetic waves, since the wave impedances for metals are zero.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.1.6 A precision and bias statement has not been developed at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Asphalt-Covered Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar

ASTM D7234-05 用便携脱开式粘附力测定仪测定混凝土覆层脱粘强度的标准试验方法

The pull-off adhesion strength and mode of failure of a coating from a concrete substrate are important performance properties that are used in specifications. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing coated surfaces, and evaluating and reporting the results. Variations in strength results obtained using different instruments, different substrates, or different loading fixtures with the same coating are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the specific test instrument and loading fixture be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties. This test method should not be used to determine surface strength of uncoated concrete. Test Method C 1583/C 1583M is suitable for that determination.1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the pull-off adhesion strength of a coating on concrete. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the test fixture, adhesive, coating system, and substrate, and will be exposed by the fracture surface.1.2 This test method uses a class of apparatus known as portable pull-off adhesion testers. They are capable of applying a concentric load and counter load to a single surface so that coatings can be tested even though only one side is accessible. Measurements are limited by the strength of adhesion bonds between the loading fixture, coating system and the substrate or the cohesive strengths of the adhesive, coating layers, and substrate.1.3 Pull-off adhesion strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. There are different instruments used that comply with this test method. The specific instrument used should be identified when reporting results. This test is destructive and spot repairs may be necessary.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Adhesion Strength of Coatings on Concrete Using Portable Pull-Off Adhesion Testers

ASTM A1044/A1044M-05(2010) 混凝土抗剪钢筋用钢螺柱组件的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers steel stud assemblies for shear reinforcement of concrete. Stud assemblies consist of either single-headed studs attached to a steel base rail by welding, or double-headed studs mechanically crimped into a steel shape. Note 18212;The configuration of the studs for stud assemblies is much different than the configuration of the headed-type studs prescribed in Section 7, Figure 7.1 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M. Ratios of the cross-sectional areas of the head-to-shank of the AWS D1.1/D1.1M studs range from about 2.5 to 4. In contrast, this specification requires the area of the head of the studs for stud assemblies to be at least 10 times the area of the shank. Thus, the standard headed-type studs in Section 7, Figure 7.1 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M do not conform to the requirements of this specification for use as stud assemblies for shear reinforcement. 1.2 This specification is applicable for orders in either inch-pound units or in SI units. 1.3 The values stated either in inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.

Standard Specification for Steel Stud Assemblies for Shear Reinforcement of Concrete